Historical developments of the science of microbiology; microbial taxonomy and survey of the major groups of microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, viruses etc; culture techniques; microbial growth and nutrition, control of microbial growth, microbial metabolism and their regulatory mechanisms microbial genetics (bacterial DNA, plasmids, mutations, bacterial genetic recombination); applied microbiology ( soil, water, food, etc.); common diseases of human beings and mechanisms of pathogenesis; immunity and resistance, chemotherapy.